一 、独立结构的构成： 　　只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，我们才能用独立结构。独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言。常见的独立结构有以下几种： 　　(一) 名词/代词+分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)： 　　1 The boy ran quickly, his father following. (表示伴随情况) 　　2 He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head. (表示伴随情况) 　　(二)名词/代词+形容词： 　　1、They started home, their minds full of plans for increasing production. (表示伴随情况) 　　2、 He was silent for a moment, his lips tight. (表示伴随情况) 　　(三)名词/代词+副词： 　　1、 He put on his socks, wrong side out. (表示补充说明) 　　2 、The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China. (表示补充说明) 　　(四)名词/代词+介词(短语) 　　1 、She came in, a baby in her arms. (表示伴随情况) 　　2 、He went off, gun in hand. (表示伴随情况)

二、独立结构在句子中的作用： 　　独立结构在句子中只能做状语，这种结构可以用来： 　　(一)表示时间： 　　His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 　　(=After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.) 　　(二)表示原因： 　　The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 　　(=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home. ) 　　(三)表示条件： 　　Weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow. 　　(=If weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.) 　　(四)表示伴随情况或伴随状况： 　　They walked through the forest, an old hunter leading the way. 　　(五)表示补充说明： 　　He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office. 　　(=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.)

三、独立变格的变化 　　在带有逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加”with” 　　1、——Why are they taking all the equipment away? 　　——The job_____, they are packing up to leave. 　　A. it to done B. did C. was did D. done 　　2、Other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than the man whose command of language is poor.

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